Concept of Land Map ,its advantage and how to read,
·
In Punjab revenue practice, the
land map is called ਅਕਸ / ਪਿਜੜਾ / ਲੱਠਾ, prepared from the original field measurement book (masavi)
at the time of settlement or consolidation.[5][1]
·
It is a cadastral map drawn on
large scale, where each field (khasra) is a closed polygon with a khasra
number, and the map is certified and signed by the Halqa Patwari and
supervising revenue officers (Kanungo/Tehsildar).[2][6][1]
Main
components of a khasra map
·
Village area is divided into
numbered “murabbas” (blocks) and further into “killas” (generally 1 acre
standard plots), each killā having its own khasra number and boundary lines in
red.[1][5]
·
Different land uses and public
features are shown by colours and symbols: abadi deh (inhabited area) in blue,
roads/paths in red, bandh/nallah, village boundary (sehda), inter‑village
junctions, and any dhoh (depression or water channel) clearly marked.[4][1]
Scale,
measurements and orientation
·
Every land map carries a “scale”
or “samata”; commonly one inch on map equals 40 karam on ground (1 karam ≈ 66
inches), with a graphic scale drawn on the margin.[1]
·
The four directions (North,
South, East, West) are clearly marked on the sheet so that a Patwari or officer
can orient the map in the field and trace the way from village abadi, along a
particular road, to the required murabba and khasra.[2][1]
·
For administration, land maps
give a “mirror” of ground reality: they support jamabandi, girdawari, mutation,
partition under the Punjab Land Revenue Act, consolidation, and crop-cutting
experiments for agricultural statistics.[3][5][1]
·
For citizens and institutions,
they help in: locating ancestral land by khasra number, resolving boundary
disputes, bank loans (verification of security), acquisition/compensation
cases, demarcation by revenue staff, and now in issue of property cards in
abadi under SVAMITVA/PLRS programmes.[7][8][4][1]
Legal and
evidentiary advantages
·
Under the Punjab Land Revenue
Act, 1887, revenue records prepared in settlement (including maps and field
books) are official records; entries in record‑of‑rights
and related revenue record enjoy a presumption of correctness till rebutted.[9][10]
·
Courts have consistently treated
revenue maps and khasra/jamabandi entries as strong evidence of possession,
classification and boundaries, though not conclusive proof of title; they are
to be read with other evidence.[11][12][13][14]
How to
read a land map (step-by-step as a Patwari)
1. Check heading and certification
o
Note village name, hadbast
number, tehsil, district, and whether it is settlement, consolidation or
revised map; check signatures/stamps of Patwari and higher officers – without
these it is not a valid field map.[5][1]
2. Read scale and directions
o
Identify the written scale (e.g.
“1 inch = 40 karam”) and the drawn scale bar; confirm the arrow of North and
mentally align yourself to the village ground.[2][1]
3. Understand colour code and legend
o
Blue‑filled
patch = abadi deh; red thick lines = main roads/paths; green often used to show
“bandobasti
malik” fields
(owners at the time of original settlement); dotted lines and special symbols
show drains, dhohs, or temporary features.[4][1]
4. Locate murabba and killā
o
From the margin, follow murabba
numbers (1,2,3… or 18,19,20 etc.) and within each the 25 killa pattern (1 to
25) as per standard grid; identify the murabba number given in jamabandi or
mutation.[5][1]
o
Within the murabba, find the
required khasra number written in black beside the polygon; if a doab (doh /
drain / rasta) cuts the killā, sub‑numbers
or dotted partition lines may appear.[1]
5. Trace approach from abadi
o
Starting from abadi deh (blue
area), follow the marked rasta/road in red, adding up the “karam” distances
written along sides of killa boundaries, till reaching the target murabba and
field.[1]
o
Corner pillars (“burji”) are
usually fixed at every two karam or as per instructions and are shown on the
map; on ground, Patwari aligns the tape/chain or jareeb between burjis as per
field‑book
distances.[15][1]
6. Cross‑check
with masavi / field book and jamabandi
o
Dimensions of each side of the
khasra (in karams) in the masavi/field‑book must
tally with the lines and figures on the map; any cuttings or overwriting
require correction proceedings.[5][1]
o
After locating the khasra on map,
match its area and ownership from jamabandi and possession from girdawari to
give complete picture in reports, demarcations or court affidavits.[16][12][1]
Circulars
and modern policy context
·
National Land Records
Modernization Programme (NLRMP), now subsumed in DILRMP, mandates digitisation
of cadastral maps, linking them with textual records to create a single
integrated land information system, with the expressed objective that the map
should “mirror ground reality” and support automated mutation and title
guarantee.[6][3]
·
Under SVAMITVA and related expert‑committee
recommendations, drone‑based, geo‑referenced village abadi maps are used to issue property
cards; State Revenue Departments are directed to amend their Land Revenue Codes
so that these digital maps and property cards get full legal sanctity.[4]
Case law
illustrations useful for practice
·
Punjab & Haryana High Court
has held that certain categories like “Gair Mumkin” or banjar land must be
treated as per their statutory definitions when computing holdings, relying on
revenue record entries; this underlines the importance of correct classification
and mapping on revenue maps.[11]
·
Supreme Court and various High
Courts have ruled that revenue records (including khasra and survey maps) carry
a rebuttable presumption regarding possession and boundaries; they aid the
court but do not themselves create title, which must flow from lawful transfer
or original grant.[12][13][14]
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